A minha verdade. Sem publicidade. Ao abrigo do artigo 37º da CRP. Divulgue este blog pelos seus contactos...!
terça-feira, 14 de outubro de 2025
90 anos: Israel - Árabes
sábado, 11 de outubro de 2025
Imigrantes: Cultura, idioma, sectores necessitados
quinta-feira, 9 de outubro de 2025
O Grande Cinismo Ocidental
quarta-feira, 8 de outubro de 2025
A vitória do mais energúmeno terror !
segunda-feira, 6 de outubro de 2025
O tempo e a lei.
Embora os fundamentos venham da Antiguidade, a estrutura e os princípios orientadores da maioria dos quadros penais ocidentais vigentes, surgiram principalmente a partir da segunda metade do Século XVIII, consolidando-se no Século XIX.
Face aos castigos medievais - ainda comuns em demasiados países - as lógicas iluministas moderaram alguns e eliminaram outros castigos então e hoje ainda, considerados repugnantes como a pena de morte.
Esta é uma área com dados estatísticos importantes e, frequentemente, com debates intensos nos EUA.
As principais diferenças estatísticas observadas entre os estados dos EUA que têm a pena de morte e os que a aboliram estão relacionadas às taxas de homicídio e à aplicação real da pena.
A principal diferença estatística observada é a seguinte:
Estados sem Pena de Morte:
De acordo com dados do FBI (Bureau Federal de Investigação) e análises estatísticas, os estados que não têm a pena capital geralmente apresentam taxas de homicídio mais baixas do que os estados que a aplicam.
Estados com Pena de Morte:
O índice de homicídio nesses estados tem sido, em média, significativamente maior (em algumas análises, de 48% a 101% maior) do que nos estados que aboliram a pena de morte.
Essa estatística sugere, para muitos especialistas, que a pena de morte não serve como um fator de dissuasão (desencorajamento) único ou mais forte do que a prisão perpétua.
As taxas de homicídio aumentam e diminuem de forma semelhante em ambos os grupos de estados, o que leva à conclusão de que outros fatores – como demografia, desemprego, investimento em policiamento, promotores e prisões – tendem a influenciar mais a criminalidade violenta do que a existência ou não da pena capital.
Embora a pena de morte seja legal em muitos estados, a sua aplicação real é limitada e desigual.
Concentração de Execuções:
A grande maioria das execuções nos EUA ocorre em um pequeno número de estados, sendo o Texas historicamente o líder, seguido por outros estados da antiga Confederação (Sul dos EUA).
Abolição e Raridade:
Alguns que mantêm a pena capital, raramente a aplicam ou sentenciam alguém à morte.
No total, cerca de 15 estados e o Distrito de Colúmbia a aboliram, e mesmo entre os que a mantêm, muitos raramente a executam.
Sentenças Alternativas:
O aumento da opção de prisão perpétua sem direito à liberdade condicional tem levado a uma redução no número de sentenças de morte nos últimos anos, pois oferece às famílias das vítimas uma condenação definitiva sem os longos anos de apelação judicial típicos dos casos de pena capital.
Em resumo, as estatísticas mais notáveis são: os estados sem a pena de morte tendem a ter taxas de homicídio mais baixas e que, nos estados que a mantêm, a aplicação da penalidade é muito concentrada e desigual.
English:
Although the foundations date back to antiquity, the structure and guiding principles of most current Western penal frameworks emerged primarily from the second half of the 18th century, consolidating in the 19th century.
In light of medieval punishments, enlightenment thinking moderated some and eliminated others then and still today considered repugnant, such as the death penalty.
This is an area with important statistical data and often heated debate in the US.
The main statistical differences observed between US states that have the death penalty and those that have abolished it, are related to homicide rates and the actual application of the penalty.
The main statistical difference observed is as follows:
States without the Death Penalty:
According to FBI data and statistical analyses, states that do not have the death penalty generally have lower homicide rates than states that do.
States with the Death Penalty:
The homicide rate in these states has been, on average, significantly higher (in some analyses, 48% to 101% higher) than in states that have abolished the death penalty.
This statistic suggests, to many experts, that the death penalty does not serve as a unique or stronger deterrent than life imprisonment.
Homicide rates rise and fall similarly in both groups of states, leading to the conclusion that other factors—such as demographics, unemployment, investment in policing, prosecutors, and prisons—tend to influence violent crime more than the existence or absence of the death penalty.
In summary, the most notable statistics are that states without the death penalty tend to have lower homicide rates, and that in states that retain it, application of the penalty is highly concentrated and uneven.
sábado, 4 de outubro de 2025
308 municípios.
The number of 308 municipalities in Portugal is, above all, the result of a long historical process, consolidated in the 19th century after the liberal reforms, and which has remained relatively stable since then.
There is no single modern mathematical or geographical "rationale" that justifies this exact number, but rather a combination of historical, political, and cultural factors that have maintained it over time.
Factors that Justify the Current Number of Municipalities:
Historical Heritage and Post-Liberal Stability
The current number (308) is a remnant of the major administrative reform carried out by Liberalism in the 19th century.
Passos Manuel Reform (1836):
This reform, which followed that of Mouzinho da Silveira, drastically reduced the number of municipalities (which were over 800) to approximately 351, with the aim of creating larger and more viable municipal districts.
Consolidation: After this initial reduction, the municipal map underwent few significant changes. The number fluctuated between a minimum of 268 (in 1853) and a maximum of 351, gradually settling at a level close to the current one, due to political stability and local resistance to further abolitions.
The Importance of Local Government:
Municipalities are the main local government in Portugal, enshrined in the Constitution (art. 235), and represent the level of administration closest to the citizen.
Proximity and Identity:
The maintenance of 308 municipalities reflects the strong local identity and the historical roots of the population. The abolition of a municipality is often seen as a loss of autonomy and community identity.
Decentralization:
The municipality is the primary instrument of state decentralization, with its own bodies (Council and City Council) that aim to promote the interests of their respective populations.
Geographic and Population Size (European Context):
Although 308 may seem large for Portugal's size, in a European comparison, Portuguese municipalities are, on average, relatively large:
Population:
The average Portuguese municipality has around 34.000 inhabitants, well above the European Union average (around 5.000 inhabitants per municipality). Portugal ranks 7th in the EU in terms of population per municipality.
Territory: The average area of a Portuguese municipality (around 300 km²) is six times larger than the EU average (around 52 km²).
This suggests that, unlike other European countries that have undergone large municipal mergers in recent decades to gain scale, Portugal already has municipalities of considerable size, which has reduced the pressure for more radical reforms.
The Debate on Rationalizing the Map:
Despite stability, the number of councils is often the subject of debate.
The argument in favor of reducing it is based on the significant disparity between municipalities.
Extreme Disparity:
Some municipalities, such as Lisbon, Sintra, and Vila Nova de Gaia, have over 300,000 inhabitants, while 15% of the total (approximately 49) have less than 5,000 inhabitants.
Financial and Managerial Viability:
Very small municipalities with small populations sometimes face greater difficulties in managing public services and taking advantage of economies of scale.
However, any attempt to change this number encounters political and social resistance, maintaining the 308 municipalities.
It will be difficult to understand how, with current transportation, telecommunications systems and highways, the State Budget continues to support 308 administrative structures, the overwhelming majority of which are impossible to support due to the amount collected in local taxes...
What is the logic behind maintaining a 19th-century decision unchanged?
The number of councilors on a city council in Portugal is not fixed, but rather a range that depends on the number of voters in the respective municipality.
The minimum and maximum numbers, excluding the special situations of Lisbon and Porto (which have 16 and 12 councilors, respectively), follow the following rule:
* Minimum: 4 councilors in municipalities with 10,000 or fewer voters.
* Maximum: 10 councilors in municipalities with 100,000 or more voters.
Structure by Number of Voters
The composition of the City Council (which includes the Mayor and other Councilors) is defined by the following table:
Number of Voters, Number of Councilors
10,000 or fewer voters, 4.
More than 10,000 and up to 50,000 voters, 6
More than 50,000 and less than 100,000 voters, 8.
100,000 or more voters, 10.
Note: In Lisbon and Porto, the number of councilors is 16 and 12, respectively.
The Mayor is always the first candidate of the most voted slate, and the remaining members of the executive committee are councilors.
In other words, at least 308 x 5 (Pr+Verd.) = 1.540 local positions...
terça-feira, 30 de setembro de 2025
Descaramento...!
Since the internet was born, the banking sector has been the main beneficiary of the conveniences it brought.
From instant transfers of funds to any part of the world, to locals, consultations, and the probable concealment of capital in tax havens, playing on any stock market, dispensing with millions of employees, and taxing - with the indifference of governments - accounts for maintenance (of the software, I think).
Despite all these conveniences, the banking sector has been passing, and wants to continue to pass, losses of value for which it is responsible onto depositors.
In other words, just as after the 2007/8 crisis, the banking sector now wants to compensate for its insatiable greed by penalizing its depositors.
And what are the governments doing—the ones that WE, and not the banks, voted for security, honesty, and transparency in society?
Absolutely NOTHING!
The banking sector's anti-democratic audacity is absolute and sovereign!"
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